Good news!

I climbed up to look at the box and found that the box, itself, is padlocked (though the lock is minimal and rusty, it will stop a casual intrusion attempt). I turned on the switch and checked for the presence of voltage at the cut, exposed wires and found none. This means that either the input to the box (via the conduit pipe coming out the bottom) is not energized or that the barrel fuse in the box was removed (most likely).

The bottom line: The exposed wires, despite their appearance, is safe.